2015 Participants

The participants for the CGS Field School of 2015 has been decided! Of course, many have unfortunately missed out this year, but should not despair. There will most certainly be another opportunity! Here is a brief overview of the participants for 2015:

Overview of the CGS Field School participants for 2015

RSA Geotour 2015: Day 3 - 5

Lets continue!

Overview of the route along the Cape Fold Belt

Day 3

On this third day we continue through the Natal Sector of the NNMB as we depart PMB and travel across the Mzumbe Terrain. As we continue along the coast we’ll cross the Mellville Thrust Zone and enter the granulite-facies Margate Terrain. Here we encounter more granites and exotic varieties of the charnockite of the Oribi Gorge Suite. Charnockites are granitoids that contain orthopyroxene. In order to allow for the stabilisation of orthopyroxene, the bulk rock composition must have low water content and exist at high temperatures, i.e. in granulite facies space. One of the charnockite we’ll be visiting is the Port Edward Enderbite. This is a charnockite that consists of quartz, antiperthite, orthopyroxene and magnetite. The name Enderbite is derived from the type locality of this rock, in Enderby Land, Antarctica. For now, this is as close as we can get – however we should have some Antarctic alumni on our team, so remember to ask them about Enderby Land!

We will then continue south and exit the NNMB, for now, and enter the Karoo Supergroup once again. This time we now travel through the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group. We will have a chance to look at this more carefully once we cross the historical Kei River. Soon after entering the Eastern Cape we’ll find our way to the overnight destination of East London. 

Day 4

By now I’m sure everybody’s heads will be spinning (like mine, for example, while typing all this geology); and this will thus be the ideal time to travel west and into the Cape Fold Belt (CFB). The rocks encompassed within the CFB were deposited ca. 485 – 300 Ma under continental shelf to beach marine environments. The Cape Supergroup comprises of three distinct lithostratigraphic groups. These include: The quartzite and shale of the Table Mountain Group; shale of the Bokkeveld and sandstone and shale of the Witteberg Group.

These rocks were later deformed to form the CFB. This was in response to compression associated with the formation of Gondwana. The CFB can be separated into three tectonic domains, including; the western and eastern limbs, separated by the Syntaxis situated north of Cape Town. Our journey will take us from East London to Port Elizabeth, across the CFB and along the Zuurberg Pass. Here we will be able to investigate the intricate structural features defining the Western Limb of the CFB. Perhaps we may also get the compasses out and get everybody to measure some strikes and dips!

After crossing the CFB we join the Garden Route and travel along the vast quartzite of the Peninsula Formation. For our engineering geology friends, we’ll stop and have a look at some of the incredible bridges build over the mammoth gorges. Our overnight stop on this day is Knysna.

Day 5

This is the final leg of this phase of the journey. Today we travel from Knysna to the Council for Geoscience regional office in Bellville. First, our journey continues out of this picturesque town and continues down the Garden Route toward George. Before this, we may have a quick stop at the famous Knysna Estuary and potentially some calc-silicate rocks associated with the Cape Granite Suite. Upon arriving in George, we’ll cut back across the CFB once again and head toward Oudtshoorn. In Oudtshoorn we’ll note a Cango Precambrian inlier of ca. 900 Ma rocks and one of the large E-W faults that define much of the CFB. These faults are often synonymous for the Enon Formation of red beds residing along the scarp. Also, these faults are renowned for controlling the development of numerous hot springs. Perhaps one day we’ll harness this heat and generate energy from it!

From Oudtshoorn we’ll take the R62 and see lots of cool stuff! Basically many, many more structural features, e.g. the Huis River Thrust Zone and Cogmanskloof. Eventually we’ll near the, now even more famous, Syntaxis and we’ll get to see how much more intensely the CFB features are around here. The remainder of this trip will take us through most of the Table Mountain Group, and eventually onto the Malmesbury shale. Sadly, these shale mark the approach of Bellville and the end of this first leg of our South African geological tour.

Our group Our group will now get to learn some remote sensing, GIS and participate in several lectures and short courses in Bellville. In addition, we’ll have a tour of the Cape Peninsula before starting the next leg of our geological tour. This next leg will take us from Cape Town, up the western Limb of the CFB and into the Namaqualand-sector of the NNMB. Stay tuned for that!  

RSA Geotour 2015: Day 1 - 2

The Council for Geoscience Field School provides an ideal opportunity for participants to experience just some of the special geological sites around South Africa! 

Overview of the Geological Tour around South Africa

Day 1

Here we go! We begin our journey at the head office of the Council for Geoscience in Silverton, Pretoria. Our start is located within the central region of the Transvaal Basin. These rocks were deposited ca. 2.7 – 2.1 Ga within an extensional basin located atop an Archean basement of granite-gneiss and Witwatersrand rocks. Five distinct and unconformably bounded sequences are recognised. These include various basal clastic and fluvial sediments deposited along with volcanic lavas, i.e. Protobasinal rocks and the Black Reef. This is overlain by the Chuniespoort, most notably, the Malmani dolomite and chert. Continued extensional subsidence in the Transvaal Basin created a deep marine environment and the deposition of uppermost Chuniespoort of banded iron formation, followed by an extensive marine regressive sequence. This latter depositional phase defines the Pretoria Group rocks.

Continuing east along the N4 highway, we arrive in Nelspruit and cross the ca. 3.2 Ga Kaap Valley Tonalite. This pluton is of special interest as it forms an example of the earliest continental crust on Earth. This is the result of partial melting of subducted hydrated oceanic crust, highlighting the existence of early Earth tectonic processes.

From Nelspruit we continue south along the R40 into the ca. 3.5 – 3.2 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt. The Barberton Greenstone Belt is one of the most well preserved fragments of the early Earth and holds many secrets of early life and geodynamic evolution. There are three distinct lithological zones. From bottom to top, these are: The shallow marine Onverwacht Group of ultramafic-mafic volcanic rocks with minor felsic volcanics, tuff and lesser sediments. The shallow to deep marine turbidite, shale, mudstone, interbedded chert and banded iron formation of the Fig Tree Group. And, finally the topmost Moodies Group. The latter was deposited in a shallow marine to fluvial environmental setting and consists of conglomerate, feldspathic quartzite, shale and lesser banded iron formation and some volcanic rocks. Terrane assembly ca. 3.2 Ga, along the Saddleback-Inyoka fault system sutured these zones together and formed the general NE structural trend.

Our route then continues and straddles the Swazi border through vast indigenous forest until we finally reach the N17 and follow it to our overnight destination of Ermelo.

Day 2

We depart Ermelo nice and early (we hope) and continue east along the N2 toward Piet Retief. From here we head south toward Vryheid. Along the way we will encounter the Commondale Komatiites. The composition of these lavas implies a much higher melting point than what currently exists on Earth. This suggests that early Earth was much hotter, or perhaps had a sufficiently enough hydrous content. Further south, toward Paulpietersburg we cross the Pongola Basin and onto our final look at Archean granites. Heading further south and we enter the vast plains of the Karoo Supergroup.

The rocks of the Karoo Supergroup were deposited into numerous basins formed during tectonic processes defining the evolution of Gondwana; and a ca. 120 Ma geological record. For this trip, our interests lie with the Main Karoo Basin, which covers most of the country. Sedimentation of the Main Karoo Basin can be subdivided into five phases. These are: Glacial and the deposition of the Dwyka Group; Marine to coastal plains and the deposition of the Ecca Group; and fluvial to aeolian and the deposition of the Beaufort and Stormberg Groups. And finally, extensional tectonics and the outpouring of the Karoo Large Igneous Province.

As we head south we continue through the lower successions of the Ecca. This region is especially renowned for the vast coal deposits. Coal is the overwhelming fuel used for South Africa’s energy generation and is found largely within the Ecca; and also the Beaufort and Stormberg Groups. Depending on time, we will have numerous interesting sites to visit in the Karoo, including a Glacial Pavement developed on the ca. 2.9 Ga Mozaan Quartzites and several excellent stratigraphic unconformities and special fossil sites (ask me to tell you more about this while we’re in the field).

Heading even further south, we exit the Karoo Supergroup and enter the Natal Sector of the Namaqua-Natal Mobile Belt (NNMB). The NNMB is an orogenic suture that forms the basement underlying most of the Karoo. It represents the remnants of a collisional event defining the formation of Rodnia ca. 1250 – 950 Ma. The NNMB is exposed in two regions, namely, the Northern Cape and KZN. The Natal Sector comprises several distinct geological terrains that are thrust-bounded together. These are, from north to south; the Tugela greenschist ophiolite complex, Mzumbe upper-amphibolite facies granulites and Margate granulite facies rocks. A major feature of this region is the development of the Oribi Gorge Suite of granite and charnockite. These rocks are generally restricted to the Mzumbe and Margate terrains. We will encounter some of the granites as we head toward our overnight destination of Pietermartizburg.

Almost that time again

It's almost that time of the year again! The Council for Geoscience Field School 2015 is almost upon us and we've just about finalised the itinerary. Have a look and let us know what you think!

A Historical Aspect of Geoscience

A brief history/thinking of Geoscience: Part 1 - By Gaathier Mahed

Recently at a major German Research facility a talk relating to the micro-, meso- and macro- scales of research in Earth Science was delivered. It was interesting to note how we, as geoscientists, are integrating multiple tools in order to better understand the world around us and thus in turn improve society as a whole. Possible future projects were also outlined and these delved into the unknown. The real personal question which arose is: Where did all of this thinking originate?

In order to properly understand geoscience one has to delve into the past and see where the thinking originates from, how it has developed and consequently what has molded our thinking. It is critical to note that great geoscientists of the past were not necessarily geoscientists by classification and looked at problems from a holistic viewpoint. These great minds were keen observers, thinkers and in many cases philosophers and mathematicians with an interest in the world around them.

The Pyramids at Giza, in Egypt, are a prime example of the applied geosciences. The stones were sourced from another location, due to the fact that the designers knew of the ability of the material to withstand the elements. Furthermore the exact design, orientation and location of these ancient wonders allows one to believe that applied geological science was in existence some 3000 years before Christ, but nobody had the nomenclature in order to classify it. When standing in the presence of these structures, armed with this knowledge, one can only stare in awe and only imagine how, when and where the idea for these magnificent structures came about. Everything about these three large pyramids is amazing. This leads you to question whether the deeper understanding of the magnificent history of science could guide our future applications.

The Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg)

When one looks into the annals of history we find that as early as 300 BC in Ancient Greece Theophrastus, who was a student of Aristotle and Plato, was examining concepts relating to geological science. He was a philosopher and deep in thought about processes on the earth. His ideas were guided by those of Aristotle who made critical observations of the slow rate of geological change. Furthermore his teacher also hypothesised what happens to water below the subsurface. It is interesting to note that the basis for earth science as we know it was deep thought observation and critical analysis.

Approximately 1300 years later Ibn Sina commented on the work of Aristotle and further delved into these surface processes, mountain formation, sources of water, formation of minerals and the origin of earthquakes. Thereafter Shen Kou, who was also a naturalist, proposed the modern theories of Geomorphology. This Chinese scientist, who dabbled in many fields, observed surface processes and the erosion of mountains as well as the consequent deposition of materials in the ocean. From a better understanding of these processes we have learnt to understand the formation of offshore mineral resources and thus extract them.

The initial applied use of geological science related to the extraction of resources, as previously mentioned. This can be seen from the oldest gold mine in the world in Georgia, which supposedly dates back to the third millennium B.C. This application in turn affected where we situate our dwellings, the materials used to construct these dwellings, as well as the relationship/impact we had with/on the immediate (surrounding) environment. It is a known fact that settlements were located along rivers in order to minimise the amount of time spent on collecting water. This life source also caused destruction when flooding occurred, yet we persisted to reside on the floodplain.

Panning for Gold (http://www.old-picture.com/american-adventure/pictures/panning-Miner.jpg)

More recently and closer to home, due to the groundwater resources supplying the majority of the country’s freshwater, Henry Darcy became the father of hydrogeology in 1856. He examined flow in saturated porous media in the water supply of Dijon, France and then announced a law named after him.

Thus heralded an era of French Mathematics, particularly applied to the earth sciences,  which we have never seen before. Charles Matheron, Benoit Mandelbrot and Pierre Gy all looked at problems related to understanding the earth. Thus it is clearly evident that a rich history of geoscience has lead to the point whereby we are at the cutting edge of great discoveries and intergration of knowledge. The future is so bright I have to wear shades!

Global Fooling. I mean Cooling

Climate Change, What?! - By Gaathier Mahed

Ever since a former American president released a movie on inconvenient truths (Watch here) and another film maker created a piece of art related to perceptions related to shale gas (Watch here) it seems as if everybody is now aware of the problems we face in terms of preserving the environment. On a local scale we see great concern stemming from the environmentalists in the Karoo. A professor of mine said that we should separate environmentalists from environmental scientists and let the data speak and not some naked person running around with a placard saying “stop fracking with the Karoo”.

Melting of the Polar Ice Caps?! (http://media.nj.com/hudson_voices_impact/photo/polejpg-b59b830bd901735d.jpg)

Recent work suggests that climate change is cyclical and has occurred over the past few millions of years at various points in time. Furthermore the research does point to exacerbation of global warming due to the excessive amounts of greenhouse gases emitted by anthropogenic activities. There are multiple arguments floating around in the scientific arena related to the subject matter. Some even argue that there is no such thing as global warming and that it is merely a figment of our imagination. I agree, because it is not just necessarily warmer, but also cooler in certain places at specific times. I landed in Germany in 2010 and they had the worst winter in 50 years with temperatures averaging at minus 30.

The fact remains that the facts should do the talking and not emotional talk related to the number of people who have fire in their water. Science is concerned with the data and interpreting that data, not how some politician or movie maker feels it should be. Furthermore the scientists should be allowed to do the work and not be swayed by political or financial interests. It is Jarod Kintz who said “Abstain from reading comedy or government economic statistics”. I think this could be linked to the point made by Nassim Nicholas Taleb “Economics make homeopath and alternative healers look empirical and scientific.” I am not bad mouthing economics or statisticians, it is just to emphasize a point.

Science is the only thing left that is honest and open, excluding statistics of course. This is due to the fact that Benjamin Disraeli said “There are three types of lies – lies, damn lies and statistics”. Yet one finds it amusing to see that this very tool aided in the removal of outliers over the years from climate data, and thereafter the addition of these outliers lead climate scientists to better understand Elnino and changes in the climate.

The point is that those who work in their field should be the ones who are consulted for a professional opinion, not a politician who shouts for the nationalisation of everything and could not even pass woodwork in matric. The times are changing, and so is the climate…

Feedback Session - Hello, Goodbye

Finally, we may officially close the Field School of 2014. This was done in dramatic fashion as our brave souls received feedback regarding their incredible maps, reports and mini-research reports. There were scenes of tears and screams as the most of the group was reunited among familiar faces and giant muffins. The muffins were much needed as we began a long process of listening attentively to each giving their report back on their individual research topics. Once more we were taken down memory lane thinking about the Barberton Greenstone Belt, The Karoo and all those lovely things seen during our trip. There were nerves of steel, and nerves of jelly, but all succeeded incredulously. Of course, a moment of silence was needed to remember those who did not survive the grueling field school and the lack of their lovely faces was clearly missed among the group, pity.

"Who's your lambs to the slaughter?!" All our wonderful field school participants, all grown (geologically), and teaching us something about something!

There was also time to look back at the marvelous geological maps created by our group. One sees colourful maps, but if one were to look really carefully, you may be lucky enough to make out the geo-poetry in them. What a wonderful sight to see! Our group left as lambs to the slaughter and they returned champions of the Gariep Belt, a treasure to behold for the rest of their lives. And now, hopefully, South African geology is all the better for it.

Are these really their maps?? Somewhere, somehow here are the million dollar products! Fanciful things, really. Great job all around - take a moment of silence for those we lost in geological cyberspace, their gaps will be remembered...

Previous field school participants were also seen this day, hiding in the crowd, no doubt remembering their wonderful times. Zwanga was asked about here experience back in her day, and she responded: "Mara, no shame, I must support them, I know the pain they suffered..."

You weigh me down

Gaathier Mahed on Gravimetry and The PhD experience 

Who would have thought that after the discovery of gravity, just like Columbus discovered America even though people already inhabited the continent, we would be applying the principal in the realm of the hydrological sciences. The fundamental change in mass movement in the subsurface alludes to the total water storage change and in turn has an impact on the water balance of a catchment/basin/aquifer/soil body.

Example of the gravitational force structure of the Earth (http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/ 1412/geoid2005_champgrace_2362.jpg)

When one delves into the literature regarding the topic of gravity, we find that it has evolved as a research topic mainly covered by geomatics professionals in the past, to an area of interest for hydrologists today. Classical geophysical literature also highlights applications to prospecting for ore bodies, but that is of no interest to people studying advanced courses in plumbing. I mention this due to the fact that I have received phone calls to fix geysers of people I know who thought I studied plumbing instead of hydrogeology. I still fail to understand this link, but it makes me never lose hope in life throwing me a curve ball.

The principle related to mass storage change was the point of departure for a PhD thesis. I embarked on the struggle and whilst travelling to Europe for training realised that many other research scientists have already completed their dissertations on the exact same topic. This was a cause for concern and all panic stations were alerted and were in full control of my already worried mind. The question arose.....How do you do something new that somebody else already done in a different way?

PhD problems (https://makingbones.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/picture12.jpg)

After shifting to open source software for the entire project, as if my life was not difficult enough already, and travelling all over the world to find enlightenment, because I realised I needed it, I reached my Eureka moment whilst standing in the middle of nowhere with a cigarette in my mouth and looking at clay, not kaolonite for the pedalogists but something else. This was coupled with the readings, ramblings and rants of many Professors and actually meant that I had to change my outlook and challenge the status quo, please don’t tell my psychologist or my mother, they will not be happy. The realisation that something was staring you in the face all this time and all you need was a gear change can be frustrating yet liberating. This is why the gravity of the situation, no pun intended, was overwhelming. The aforementioned fact coupled with the statement by my project leader related to no funding being available put my backside in gear and led to the completion of the treatise in 3 years. It is amazing what money, or the lack thereof can achieve.

What I am saying is ....do the PhD, not for your mother to have bragging rights or your for your family to ask you strange questions, but for yourself and for you to realise that you can push your limits beyond what is humanly possible.  Ok Ok maybe it is humanly possible, but it is still a great achievement and can be done by anyone who has the will, determination, patience and consistency in their work ethic.  Choose a topic you have an interest and passion for, otherwise it will weigh you down and overcoming it will be even more of a challenge.

www dot

A Special post by Gaathier Mahed on Hydrogeology

www dot. No it is not a website address for a 9 gag type site or even the latest geological software/books/techniques. It is three of the w’s which many of the hydrogeologists are passionate about. These are water, obviously, waqf, which is the Islamic term for sustainable development and the third w could be your wife or work, either way you are married to both. Some academics lost their wives due to loving their work, but that is not a topic we will delve into....yet.

Overview of a hydrological groundwater aquifer (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ thumb/0/04/Aquifer_en.svg/2000px-Aquifer_en.svg.png)

The father of hydrogeology, not Moses because he struck a rock and water came spilling out of it, but the Frenchman Henry Darcy could be thanked for the science we have today. Hydrogeology is a mere 150 odd years old, which truly makes it an infant in comparison to other sciences. We see great works penned by research scientists like Jacob Baer, which push the boundaries of porous media as a science. It shows that the limits of knowledge are unknown and we do not know what groundwater has in store for us over the next 150 years. This is particularly true with Shale Gas fever hitting South Africa.

A former Professor of mine said something very profound about aspects of Hydrogeology many years ago. “This is part art part science”, is what he told us in a lecture on pump test analysis. One could also say that experience plays a major role in analysing and interpreting data. In other cases the trained eye could be blinded by external factors unrelated to the science. Hydrogeology is partially observational and partially numerical, and more recently everyone seems to want to be a hydrogeologist due to the previously mentioned shale gas boom. This third w for water is partially skewed towards subsurface fluid flow as hydrogeologists never really received the attention the science deserved. I say this due to the fact that it was the Cinderella of the water sciences, to loosely quote a former Professor of mine, and now has risen to fame and popularity like a rugby prodigy waiting to be injured.

Example of an ancient leather bucket used to collect water from an underground well (http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Leather_bucket_of_a_well.jpg)

The second w for waqf can actually be traced back 1400 years to the Arabian Peninsula where one of the first charitable endowments, which is a loose translation for waqf, was actually a well. The well of Rumah was used for community development purposes and was a true reflection of the application of social entrepreneurship for sustainable development purposes. The owner of the well saw it not as work, but a sacrifice for the greater good. This leads us into the final w, it could be your wife or work, but we will focus on the professional.

Work is work, but if love what you do you will never have to work a day in your life. This age old adage still holds true, especially for hydrogeologists. This could be attributed to the combination of skills we have and situations we find ourselves in on a day to day basis. From the back office to the bush and everything in between, it truly never is a dull moment. Initially my thoughts on the science and work in this field were dreams of data mining, or being a desktop hydrogeologist as a former co-worker of mine said. That bubble burst very quickly when I realised that during my Masters I was merely a cog in the machine at a Chinese sweatshop. I never knew that my passion, hard work and determination for a subject matter could be turned into a financial venture for somebody else.

At the end of the day, the size of the packet you take home is of little importance when compared to the great experiences one gains from working in this arena. Travelling the world, major cities and remote locations included, meeting new people, some of them seemingly strange, and having coffee and croissants in cafes around small research facilities with some of the greatest minds are some of the perks.

 Keep  drilling, pumping, sampling, logging and mapping and don’t forget to have some fun along the way too.

Gaathier Mahed completed his PhD in 2013 with a project titled: "Analysis of temporal and spatial variations in water storage by means of gravimetric and hydrologic methods in the region around the South African Gravimetric Observation Station". He is currently working as a hydrogeological lecturer and researcher at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. As an executive board member of Awqaf South Africa, his passion includes charitable endowments and the intersections between water and good corporate governance.

I Read Rocks - Part 1

A special series by Warren Miller

I read rocks! I am pretty average at it. If you were to compare my rock reading abilities to how fast a reader reads a book, I would say I read rocks the same as an average reader reads a book. The thing is – the point of reading (including rocks for this matter) is not to get to the last page of the book as fast as possible, but to rather enjoy the read. Take it step by step, enjoying the unfolding story and if necessary go back a few pages from time to time when things aren’t making sense.  

I have spent the past few years trying to understand a certain grouping of rocks that are rather old and severely deformed. These rocks I speak of outcrop near my home town of Port Elizabeth, along the striking coast between Sardinia Bay and Kini Bay (see below). 

Overview of the study area being investigated, highlighted in red

Similar aged rocks have also been studied in various other parts of the southern tip of Africa, including Damaraland, Cape Nollath, Cape Town, Oudtshroon and George. I have made a pretty picture to help you see the broader setting of southern African geology over the past 1000 – 200 Ma.

This is called a stratigraphic column. It is based on the principle of superposition: that is to say if a sequence of rocks are positioned below another sequence of rocks, the former sequence is older than the latter – assuming there has been no tectonic disruption or the tectonic disruption is resolvable. So look at my picture, enjoy it. I like to draw as I read. It makes the reading more fun.

Now back to my rocks. For months and months I hadn’t a clue what I was reading. Rocks were all over the place. I couldn’t piece the sentences together. It was a mess. It was like a riddle that kept banging against my head week in and week out. But luckily I have some friends who also enjoy reading rocks, of which some of them are a lot better than me. So I would bring them along and we would read together and discuss our interpretations over a big glass of black label beer often making very little progress. But after some time and a little help from another friend in Australia and a very hi-tech machine I was able to make some very interesting progress.

To be Continued…

Warren Miller is a Masters of Geology student at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), working within the Africa Earth Observatory Network (AEON) and Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute (ESSRI). He is currently finishing his thesis, looking into the structural dynamics effecting the rocks along the southeast coast of South Africa. Here, he will take us on a journey into the mind of Geologist, listening and observing carefully to the Earth’s Story as it unfolds layer, by layer. As you can see, this is a complex story!

Some of South African Energy Futures

The Field School Blog lives! Even though the field school is done and all our favourite participants are hard at work trying to get their reports and maps done, we will continue the virtual learning tour! Let’s start.

During the recent Conference for Global Change (held at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University between 01-05 Dec - http://globalchange2014.nmmu.ac.za/) a theme of particular interest encompassed the future of energy in South Africa. With this, an Energy Security field trip was organised and visited some energy projects of interest around the Port Elizabeth (PE) area.

PE, commonly known as the “windy city” is well known for blowing people off their feet and kids flying kites, however now the city can add wind energy to this mix. Thus, the trip began at the Metrowind Van Staden Wind Farm (http://metrowind.co.za/home). This project has nine 3 MW wind turbines, together producing 27 MW. In total this project amounted to approximately R 550 million (it is worth noting that Medupi will cost R 150 billion to produce almost 5000 MW). It is expected that the project will breakeven in less than 10 years, and start making remarkable profits as it continues to sell this renewable energy source (at a good REFIT tariff) to Eskom for a further 20 years. South Africa currently aims to produce almost 4000 MW of total renewable energy by 2016; with wind forming a substantial amount of this. These projects will be run, mostly by foreign-based companies.

Wind Resource Atlas, highlighting regions with most promising wind energies (http://www.wasaproject.info/)

Trip to Metrowind Van Staden Wind Farm, with happy cows and happy students; maybe only unhappy birds - the blades spin at more than 100 km/h

The trip then moved on to the Crossways Farm Village. Here, the South African Rhino Group has constructed an R 8 million house that runs completely off the National Energy Grid and produces its own electricity and its own water treatment plant (http://crosswaysfarmvillage.co.za/news/virtual-tour-house-rhino). The house uses a plethora of renewable energy sources, including solar PV, wind and a heat pump system. The idea is that Crossways Farm Village will have several self-sufficient houses forming the community of the Future. A good question to raise here is that what happens to the vast accumulation of battery waste?

Byron, from the Rhino Group giving a guided tour through the Rhino House. Completely self/energy-sufficient. Filters and treats its own water and produces its own methane gas! But, will cost you a substantial R 8 million

Finally, the trip visited the InnoVenton labs near NMMU. Here, Prof. Ben Zeelie, the director of InnoVenton presented a fascinating method of converting coal dust/ash waste to a combustible fuel (http://news.nmmu.ac.za/News/First-public-showcasing-of-cutting-edge-algae-to-e). The carbon ash would normally amount to a large proportion of waste material associated with coal-fired energy production. However, with the highly innovative method of algal-adsorption, the coal dust binds together and forms a fuel ready for re-burning. The exact mechanism of how the algae adsorbs onto the coal is still unknown.

"Coalgae" - don't fear, there's no Alien activity here, simply highly innovative science of algae adsorbing onto coal dust; creating a fuel ready for re-combustion

These applications show major promise and highlight a bright future for South African Energy Security. And now, I have to run, load shedding awaits...

A Special Message from Ngqondi

"...This was the best Field School ever – both professionally and socially. Sincere thanks to the management team for affording us this opportunity and for their amazing leadership over the past three weeks. I learnt so much geology in three weeks than I have learnt in my five years at the lab, I guess it’s true when they say: ‘the best geologist is the one who has seen the most rocks’.   Long live to Field School!

Nox..." 

2014 Diary: Day 19 - Goodbye

By Nick Baglow:

As another Field School draws to a close, with just the Polokwane crowd to actually return home, one can reflect on a few highlights of the last few weeks. One of course has been the inauguration of the blog itself! Another was this year’s group of young participants; they gelled  well  throughout and were an example of coming from different competencies and offices within the repositioned Council and functioning effectively together, scientifically and socially. Besides the obvious learning of geological mapping techniques this has always been a component of the Field School; to recognize that geology is cool and geologists/colleagues are fun people (when liberated from the confines of the office!). We had a larger group than in previous years, but retained the successful model of having three rotating participants per trainer to ensure personal attention and development, and the interest maintained by the group to the very end once again  justified this approach.

On the journey across South Africa a diverse assemblage of exposures across the stratigraphic spectrum was  visited and these have  been documented in earlier blogs. As a follow-up the Field School participants have now been allocated individual research topics (related to that journey) that collectively will enhance the group’s broader understanding of the geological context of what they encountered. This research will be included as addenda to their reports on the actual mapping area in the Richtersveld.

The topics are:

1 Snowball Earth (Shane)

2 Dinosaurs; definition, extinction at the K-T boundary (Penester)

3 Aeolian sands, red beds (Eveline)

4 Mafic dyke swarms in SA (Ndidi)

5 Continental flood basalts (Ntsundeni)

6 Greenstone Belts…what are they? (Belindah)

7 Orange River diamondiferous gravels (Mpumelelo)

8 Stromatolites, biomats…modern and ancient (Khaya)

9 Pillow lavas … modern and ancient (Olma)

10 Whitehill Formation… shale gas potential (Haajirah)

11 Dwyka  Group across continents (Tebogo)

12 Tidal sandstones, ripples and palaeocurrents (Ngqondi)

2014 Diary: Day 18 - Exit, pursued by a Bear

Goodbye Sendelingsdrift! The team finally departed our favourite trans-frontier National Park amid sunshine and cloudy skies. This mixture of light and dramatically rugged mountains provided a grand scene for our exit. In fact, the beauty was way too intense to be photographed! Our final order of business in this region was to once more visit the Johan Hein School in Kuboes. Here we had an official hand over of some school equipment (pens, pencils, erasers, bags, etc – Thank you Council for Geoscience, may you always remember the less fortunate and continue to strive in upliftment and development).

Top: View of Kuboes, Bottom: Nick explaining Kate's groundwater poster and Tshimane performing an official hand over of the poster and school supplies to Mr de Wet

 As mentioned in earlier posts, groundwater is essential to the survival of much of these communities, however is rather poorly understood. Information on groundwater stems from years of natural understanding, however with factors such as climate change and the changing in the intensity of weather patterns, it would be highly beneficial for these communities to be informed on these factors. This may potentially aid in sustainability and avoid vulnerability of the largely herding community.  With this in mind, one of our expert hydrogeologists, and fellow Richtersveld mapping geologist class of 2009, Miss Kate Robey produced an immaculate poster highlighting groundwater and its relationship with the surrounding geology. These posters were really welcomed and received by a senior staff member, Mr de Wet. It is envisioned that this simple gesture of information sharing may spark the hunt toward understanding a changing climate and how we might have to evolve as consequence to it. This also ended the Richtersveld Science Week! During this time we managed to have a townhall meeting in Eksteenfontein, also meeting/workshop with the local educators; school lecture in Kuboes and once more meeting/workshop with the educators. We were also fortunate to create several information posters and hand over some stationary and teaching aids. This is a minor step toward something we hope could grow into a larger outreach programme. Once more, if there are any suggestions, comments or if you would like to be involved, please do not hesitate to contact us (tdhansay@geoscience.org.za).

2014 Diary: Day 17 - Tillites are not a girl's best friend

Today was the final mapping day of the Field School 2014! Our participants were visibly upset and some even chose to stay out in the field for longer than usual. A large team that included Taufeeq, Ngqondi, Sims, Eve, Judy, Ndidi and Olma set out to answer some questions and recap the Gariep Belt history. This team travelled the top of the basal thrust zone, exposed within the Western region of the mapping area. This zone includes the tectonic melange, recently mentioned and comprises of large (meter-thick) thrust faults that have stacked diamictite and quartzite in a repetitive nature along at least five noticeable thrust packages. Based on the steepness of these faults, the team opted to spend some time practising their 4X4 skills before trying to quell some lithostratigraphic issues.

4X4 training was done with the basal thrust packages as a backdrop, literally. Participants engaged the low-range gear of our VW Amarok and attempted to crawl gently up the steep, rock slopes. All of this before having to perform a three-point turn and crawl back down. This is vital skill needed when driving in this kind of terrain and since we’re all alive now, everybody passed this test with flying colours!

Slow and steady, keeps you alive! Low-range crawl down a slope

Now, problem number one: what is a diamictite; what is a tillite:

A diamictite is essentially a sedimentary rock that has a matrix (fine-medium grained) and at least two different kinds of clast. This is as opposed to a conglomerate that mostly has one type of clast, commonly quartz pebbles. Now, a tillite is a diamicitite (i.e. matrix with at least two different kinds of clasts), but it has been deposited through glacial processes. Moreover, how do we distinguish these two rock types in the field?! Well, without the presence of proper drop stones (clasts that have “dropped” into sediment and caused soft-sediment deformation) this is very difficult- thus geology.com recommends diamictite as a safe name for “careful” geologists.  It will be interesting to see how our team handles this based on what they've seen in the field and what the literature elucidates to.

Spot the Diamicite/Tillite? Notice the dropstone!

Tomorrow further fears and questions will be quelled as we slowly make our exit from the Richtersveld!

2014 Diary: Day 17 - Diamictites are a girl's best friend

By: Nick, Tebogo, Penester and Khaya

Tebogo showing that the diamictites can be your friend in certain circumstances!

Well only in the Richtersveld perhaps, and only on another sun-drenched day, but after the singular (but expected!) non-success in earlier diamond quests among Orange River gravels, team attention went beyond the terraces to the rocks just above the basement of the last few days. The barren landscape is often almost surreal with quartz-covered plains contrasting with the dark desert varnish-covered outcrop ridges, though the geology today was relatively consistent overall. Largely Kaigas diamictite, with variably-sized clasts throughout, in this area the largest being carbonates along with various granitoids. The fine-grained matrix is generally sheared, with spaced phyllitic zones a feature, forming knife-edged outcrops protruding through the prevailing scree. The contact zone with the basement granodiorites and conglomerates and siltstones of the Vredefontein Formation is however marked by a gap in outcrop rather than spectacular thrust.

Clockwise from top left: the thorn among the roses; the contact between the basement granodiorites in the left foreground and the metasediments of the Vredefontein Formation; the zone proximal to the thrust though is marked by numerous quartz veins; a drawback of removing your boots during lunch break is that they may disappear!; you’re not looking for these boots are you? 

2014 Diary: Day 16 - Decollement

Our other team (Taufeeq, Olma, Khaya and Michelle) went out looking for big thrust faults, specifically around the basal thrust zone of the Gariep Belt. After the deposition of the Gariep Belt rocks (associated with the breakup of Rodinia ca. 750 Ma); this package was obducted onto the basement Vioolsdrift rocks during the amalgamation of Gondwana. In order to better understand the scale of this process, Olma, Khaya and Michelle (our esteemed guest from the office of the COO) traversed across one of the major thrust faults in a zone of major faults separating the Gariep from the basement. This was no easy feat, and highly dangerous- we of course maintain the highest levels of safety and security (and not just when we have guests from the office of the COO…). 

The entire fault zone extends for several kilometres and increases in topographically high peaks toward the top of the thrust succession. This provides some idea of the thrust direction, kinematics and strain partitioning throughout this sequence. Ductile deformation was present in the diamicitite, with now rotated clasts illustrating thrust transport direction along a top-to-the-west sense of motion. In addition, the quartzite of the Stinkfontein suffered under the strain partitioning and displayed very high levels of shearing and the formation of thin foliated layers. Finally, within each thrusted block (bounded by metre-thick vein quartz brecciation), a tectonic melange was present, where rocks buckled under the immense pressures.

Jumping for Joy: Olma and Khaya hunt for thrust tectonics. Bottom left: Olma showing one of the thrusts

With the temperature reaching above 40 degrees Celsius the team did not attempt trying to get down the steep thrust. Did not try to get down today, I should add. Tomorrow is a new day and likely to be a better day to attempt this! This will unfortunately have to be done without Michelle, who will return to Pretoria tomorrow. Michelle admitted that she enjoyed her visit to the Field School: “I would love to come back…” she said. And she will always be welcomed!

Until tomorrow- the final day of field mapping, here’s hoping to go out with a Bang!

2014 Diary: Day 16 - The Low's Revisited

By Nick and his team (Penester, Haajiera and Ndidi)

Today saw the return to the previous area in the north, partly necessitated by travelling for just over 3 hours to the last outcrop of yesterday to recover Nick’s hammer…a small sacrifice in comparison to the effort of procuring a new one! Plus a worthwhile exercise in GPS navigation, so all was good. The day was once again spent in basement, but this time with more variety in that extensive development of largely intermediate to felsic volcaniclastic metasediments was encountered along with the granodiorite. Dykes of the Gannakouriep suite are widespread, with dykes intruding earlier bodies being a subject of interest. A quick escape down to the Orange River (the juxtaposition of river and desert is a highlight of the Richtersveld) to cool down was successful; the search for a possible diamond in the river gravels was not!

Clockwise from top left: ‘Hand of God’ eroded into the sheared basement metavolcanics; team scale perspective; Gannagariep dyke-intruding-dyke exposure; Nick at the granitoid contact with his re-claimed hammer, Haajirah getting her chance to develop 4x4 skills in the real environment; Nick, Ndidi, Penester and Haajirah escaping the 40+ deg desert heat today; Penester overcoming one of her field ‘fears’ (spot the little bird) :)

2014 Diary: Day 16 - Neo-gee

By Neo and his team (Ngqondi, Tebogo and Shane)

Clockwise from the top: Ngqondi and Tebogo standing on a contact between the Tillite belonging to the Numees Formation Group and the Meta-Pelite of the Holgat Formation; Neo describing the intersection of a foliation plane perpendicular  to bedding - possible fold axis in the phyllitic shales of the Holgat subgroup and An outcrop of metapelite rock interlayerd with shales and wackes beloning to the Holgat subgroup of the Port Noloth Group.

2014 Diary: Day 15 - And the Lows

From Nick and his Team

One of the other teams did the opposite; traversing the low country in the north of the area. Michelle was visiting from Head Office and we were out to impress: the search was for basement volcanic rocks, but these proved rather to be rather enigmatic and sparse. Penester (Economic Geologist mind you!) summed it up: ”I’ve seen enough granodiorites to last a lifetime”. We couldn’t really disagree…

Clockwise from top left; Basement Granodiorites of the Vioolsdrif Suite, locally highly sheared but still the same unit; Shane and Penester capturing the details, contemplating the more varied geology on the Namibian side of the Orange River, “you can’t fool me, these are still sheared granodiorites!”